The Origins of Life Essay -- Science Scientific Essays Research

The Origins of Life Before any speculation toward the origin of biotic forms, what was present at the formation of the earth that could result in inorganic, then organic, and later biotic creatures? Early atmospheric conditions have been theorized to be present due to planetesimal collisions releasing gases present in the Earth, after the initial atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium escaped Earth’s gravity assisted by heat energy. The earlier atmosphere is believed to have consisted mainly of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (bonded to other elements) in such forms as CO2/CO, N2, and H20. Stanley Miller, through experimentation, shows that given an energy source like heat or electric charge it is possible to form reactions that create complex molecules, and through subsequent experiments nucleic acids like adenine were even formed. This is the premise for the â€Å"hot† theories of the origin of life. Given there are many derivative possibilities like process evolution, chemoauto trophic, and photoautotrophic origins, the basis is that given an energy source (heat) basic elements can form and break bonds to become increasingly complex. Given the theories have technically been progressing since 1922 and A.I. Oparin’s hypothesizing, the major strides have been in recent research. Through studies of volcanic activity, fossils, and archaebacteria, speculation leans heavily toward evidence provided by â€Å"hot† theory experiments. Given that it is quite plausible and possible that the early earth had the suggested â€Å"hot† environment providing heat and monomers that can combine to become polymers, the main step to come into question is, when did these polymers amount to life? â€Å"Life for Dummies† would suggest that life requi... ...dial Peptide Cycle†. Science 301 (15 August 2003): 938-940. Leman, Luke, Leslie Orgel, and M. Reza Ghadiri. â€Å"Carbonyl Sulfide – Mediated Prebiotic Formation of Peptides†. Science 306 (8 October 2004): 283-286. Luskin, Casey, and Reid Hankins. â€Å"Problems with Purely Natural Explanations for the Origins of Life on Earth†. Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Club 2001. 22 November 2004. . Szaflarski, Diane. â€Å"Possible Sites for the Origin of Life†. Cruising Chemistry. 22 November 2004. . Wachtershauser, Gunter. â€Å"Life as We Don’t Know It†. Science 289 (25 October 2000): 1307-1308. Zubay, Geoffrey. Origins of Life on the Earth and in the Cosmos. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

From Determinism to Cognitive Theory

From Deterministic Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory: An Evolutionary Trail Alesia G. McDaniel University of the Rockies Abstract The Behaviorist theory, introduced by Pavlov and popularized by Watson and Skinner is discussed based on its roots in the philosophy of determinism which maintains that all behavior is the result of a specific cause. The theory of evolution and the consequential nature-nurture debate following contributes to the search for the meaning of behavior. A relationship to present day behaviorism theory and the rise of cognitive behavioral theory with its branches of cognitive behavior therapy and neuroscience will be explored. An analysis of the similarities and differences between the two constructs in the field of psychology, leads to a discussion of how these theories are used in current psychological practice. Keywords: Determinism, Behaviorism, Cognitive Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Psychology From Determinism to Cognitive Theory: An Evolutionary Trail The history of psychology is informative. It began 100 years ago with an introspective search for mind (Skinner, 1990) that came from philosophy and metaphysics. A philosophical principle called determinism appears to serve as a root for what later became behaviorism. This paper will outline an evolutionary trail. Beginning at the sea of determinism and crossing the plains of evolution, through the jungle of experimental psychology to find the path leading to the oasis of explanation of behaviorism where after a short rest, the trail winds around the curve of cognitive theory ending at a fork in the road. At this point, one path leads to current cognitive therapy practice and the other to current applications of behaviorism. The Sea of Determinism Determinism emerges as the explanation of a principle of physics called cause and effect which asserts that all behavior is the result of some cause (Bargh, 2000). Causation comes as a direct result of purpose or reason. No event is uncaused and all events are of necessity. Philosophy tends to use introspection to flesh out concepts of how the mind interacts with the body. Introspection was rejected by the experimental psychologists. The Plains of Evolution Behaviorism is the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes either environmental or reflexive. Thompson (1994) states that behavior of the organism as a whole is the product of three types of variation and selection and that natural selection is the first type. It is responsible for the evolution of the species and hence for species behavior. The Jungle of Experimental Psychology Watson attacked introspection in his behaviorist manifesto of 1913, and for that or other reasons, introspection was essentially abandoned (Bargh, 2000). Behaviorists came out of structuralism and functionalism as a protest of the mentalism that guided the careers of Wundt and Titchener. Experimental psychologists hoped to isolate compounds of images, feelings and sensations in a way that they could measure them and us the measurements to predict the cause of human behavior (Bargh, 2000). It was hoped that these elements could be organized into a type of table as is used in physics. The failure of experimental psychologists to isolate behavior in this manner gave rise to Behaviorist theory. An Oasis: Behaviorism Pavlov’s conditioned reflex formed the basis of Watson’s behaviorism (Thompson, 1994) B. F. Skinner and John Watson developed â€Å"nurture focused† determinism with in two models of behavioral conditioning (Bargh, 2000). B. F. Skinner is known for development of Operant Conditioning which differed from Watson’s version by addition of operation procedures in addition to the CS and the UCS in his S-R model. Operant conditioning addressed the causality of human behavior and as such involved specification of how stimuli, responses, reinforcers, and drive states are woven into relationships that change and sustain an organism’s behavior (Herrnstein, 1977). This method had some limitations that contributed to the rise of cognitive theory as the answer to the question of why humans behave as they do. This process lacked objectivity to sustain its vision and goals. Psychological study without consideration of internal process in unproductive. It is missing a significant variable. Behaviorism came about as a reaction to the subjectivity and unreliability of methods used in experimental psychology and strove to provide a mechanical account of human behavior (Bargh, 2000). It was based on the physiological concept of reflex as a result of external stimulation. The S-R unit was seen as the basic building block of human behavior with no theoretical base. There isn’t any empirical evidence to prove its actual existence. As long as the S-R units of the behaviorist experiments remained contained in labs and boxes, it proved successful, but when taken to higher level processes such as language and social interaction, the S-R unit was no longer plausible. It was thought that what was discovered in the lab with pigeons and rats was transferrable to human behavior outside the lab. The failure of behaviorism’s model to explain higher mental processes of language acquisition, social interaction, memory, and judgment led to cognitive theory to find the missing link (Bargh, 2000). The Curve of Cognitive Theory Behavioral theory exposed the rudimentary or first principles of human behavior from which cognitive therapy evolved. Behaviorism denied internal processing and focusing only on external stimuli leaves much to be desired. The behaviorist held to the idea that the mediating internal constructs and processes hinder achieving the results of the assumption that human behavior can be explained by nurture focused determinism (Bargh, 2000). An integration of cognitive and dynamic psychology to understand all processes that cause behavior is needed. Cognitive theory focuses on the internal processing of external events as the cause of behavior and as such relates to determinism. Perhaps behaviorism failed to completely answer the questions of causality of human behavior because it denied that consciousness plays a role, with consciousness, representing those processes that motivate behavior internally. Perception, interpretation, memory, judgment, evaluation, and goal pursuit all serve to cause behavior. Maybe behaviorists were trying to disprove religious teachings of their time and the belief that God or the Devil had something to do with behavior. They were not willing to deal with what they did not know how to measure. As cognitive science picked up where Behaviorism left off, psychology begins to unravel a process by which an understanding of how the internal processes of the human mind work in combination with individual differences in consciousness and how that influences and directs human behavior. The Fork in the Road: Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Current Behaviorism Applied Cognitive behavior theory and behaviorism theory translated to cognitive-behavioral therapy currently helps practitioners to flesh out the root causality of problematic behavior with their clients. An understanding of why we do, what we do or, what thinking leads to certain behaviors is crucial to eradication of self-destructive behavior as well as restoration and growth after experiencing trauma or victimization. Applications of these theories have contributed to advances in treatment of addiction and trauma. The practices of psychotherapy and medication therapy have also benefited from advances in this area. The End of the Trail? The trail began seeing behavior as the effect of a cause. It continues to evolve from the present path of thinking processes being the cause of behavior. Experimental psychology, behaviorism blazed new trails toward the manifest destiny that is the mind. As new trails are being blazed to understand how thought is related to behavior the evolution continues. . References Bargh, J. A. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin,126(6), 925-945. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 126. 6. 925. Goodwin, C. (2008). A history of modern psychology, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Herrnstein, R. J. (1977). The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist, 32(8), 593-603. doi:10. 1037/0003-066X. 32. 8. 593 Skinner, B. F. (1990). Can psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, 45(11), 1206-1210. doi:10. 1037/0003-066X. 45. 11. 1206 Thompson, R. F. (1994). Behaviorism and neuroscience. Psychological Review, 101(2), 259-265. doi:10. 1037/0033-295X. 101. 2. 259

John Locke s Views On Human Nature Essay - 811 Words

itself, only a single ruler or an absolute monarch had the power or omnipotent vision to sufficiently rule a civilization. Whereas Locke saw a civilization that can be ruled in a democracy and every individual had a say in how the civilization can be ruled. Moreover, Hobbes’ outlook on human nature was generally bleak, most of his ideas were derived from the basis that all humans were, in fact, evil and that given the opportunity, a person would act on his or her own behalf before tending to the needs of others. He saw society as a dog-eat-dog, every-man-for-himself type of world and only the power of one absolute ruler can tame the madness. Although there were some very visible distinctions between the two, there is one constant belief that both philosophers share and that is the acceptance of human rights. Both men observed that all men should have the same rights as one another but greatly differed on the extent to which they were perceived. Locke thought that a humans rights were inalienable and cannot be taken away and that it was the governing body’s job to protect the rights of everyone. Whereas Hobbes also accepted the idea of human rights, he contrasted Locke’s view by maintaining that person alleviates his rights to the government and the government provides protection in return there by creating somewhat of a social contract. The theory of social contract is basically a morally justified agreement made between people that can potentially build an organized aShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Plato s Views On Human Nature1339 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Nature Human nature or man’s behavior in nature is a widely discussed topic in philosophy. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Plato are among some of the many philosophers that have covered this topic in detail. John Locke expressed a generous view of human behavior. He states, â€Å"All mankind†¦ Being all equal and independent no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. â€Å"1 . This quote refers to human nature, which is heavily discussed by John Locke. Locke is not theRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Human Nature1602 Words   |  7 Pages James Madison and John Locke each created similar but somewhat different ideas about human nature. Whereas John Locke put more hope in human nature, Madison looked down on it with more critical analysis. Locke’s argument may provide few important points in general, but it is Madison who ultimately explained why people work in the specific way we see today and produce the government we enjoy. In fact, some of Locke’s arguments can be tied to Madison’s philosophy and be seen as useful explanationsRead MoreThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 PagesAddressing conventional teachings and qualities denoted the Enlightenment; there was a prominent propensity towards independence and accentuation on the thoughts of human advance. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights are both results of the Enlightenment and thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both English philosophers,influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, both had confidence in a Social Contract and they both distributed books thatRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesproper political system, one must know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the SocialRead MoreThe State Of Nature : Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, And Jean Jacques Rousseau902 Words   |  4 Pagesstate of nature is the state were humans existed before government was ever created. There once was a period were there were not any rules, or laws to obey. In a state of nature there are no social goods. No farming, housing, technology, or education. With a state of nature there must be guaranteed that no one will harm one another, and people must rely on other s to keep their word, and not go back on what they say. Living in a state of nature was no way to live honestly. A state of nature was totalRead MoreMonarchy Vs. Democracy By Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1655 Words   |  7 Pages Monarchy vs Democracy Through assessing both monarchy and democracy from both perspectives of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, one can see that democracy creates the most beneficial outcome. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of people. He believed humans were selfish, doing anything to further their own position in life. Hobbes believed in an absolute monarchy, a government that gave all the power to a king or queen. Even though he distrusted democracy, he believed that a diverse group of representativesRead MoreThe Social Contract Theories Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1210 Words   |  5 PagesMahogany Mills Professor: Dr. Arnold Political Philosophy 4 February 2015 Compare and contrast the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke In the beginning of time, there was no government to regulate man. This caused a burden on society and these hardships had to be conquered, which is when a social contract was developed. The social contract theory is a model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over an individualRead MoreConflicting Visions of Freedom in John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government1275 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government are influential literary works while which outlining the theoretical framework of each thinkers optimal state propose two conflicting visions of the very essence of man and his freedom. Locke and Mill have completely different views when it comes to how much freedom man should have in political society because they have obtained different views about man’s potential of inheriting pur e or evil behavior. In chapter twoRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Private Property And Politics1133 Words   |  5 PagesEach Philosopher in the early modern world has different perspectives regarding private property and politics in society. Although John Locke, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Karl Marx/Frederick Engels are from different times their criticism are crucial onto the world. Being from different eras gives them a unique perspective of how one should rule or govern. Each philosopher displays his own ideas and can seemingly disagree with one another in their methods of government. Therefore when issues of maliciousRead MoreA Thesis Statement : Monarchy And Democracy1476 Words   |  6 Pagesof Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, one can see that democracy creates the most beneficial outcome. Today, many people associate the ideals Locke adopts with democracy. Although, in Locke’s book, Second Treatise of Government, he did not solely focus on democracy. He listed many types of government, not favoring any. He believed that as long as they adhere to his rules, they remain valid. As a result of looking through Thomas Hobbes’ view on monarchy and John Locke’s view on democracy, both perspectives

The Human Rights Act 1998 - 1470 Words

The Human Rights Act 1998 sets out fundamental rights for everyone within the UK. This incorporates the rights in which were set out in the European Convention on Human Rights, meaning if a persons’ rights are breached, the case can be brought to UK court rather than seeking justice from the European Court of Human Rights located in France. In practice, this ensures all new laws are compatible with the Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights; which focuses on humanities basic necessities, was created in the UK after World War two after Adolf Hitler’s horrific actions in the ‘Nazi’ Germany: After such events forty countries signed a waiver agreeing to abide by such laws, but these countries do not have to be in the European Union. Alongside the European Court of Human Rights there are also the European courts of Justice; which focus on what is right and wrong; every country within the European Union must abide by these laws which consist of twenty-eight countries, soon to be twenty-seven countries if the United Kingdom leaves and Brexit takes a full action to leave. Some of the rights situated within the Human Rights Act are: Obligation to respect human rights, Right to life, Prohibition of torture, Right to a fair trial, Right to respect for private life, Right to freedom of expression, Freedom of thought, belief and religion. The UK has had an ongoing development of the human rights since the Magna Carta first appeared in 1215 in which the beginning of limitationShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Act 1998 ( Hra )3755 Words   |  16 PagesSection C: 8 Before the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) coming into force, the UK subscribed to a ‘weak’ judicial review. However, the Act has brought a drastic change into the practice of judicial review in the UK. In this essay, I shall argue that with the new powers conferred to the courts under sections 3 and 4 (ss 3 and 4) of the HRA, they have developed a mechanism which allows the court to communicate with Parliament through their interpretations although the practice of judicial review remainsRead MoreSignificance of Section 3 and 4 of the Human Rights Act 19981312 Words   |  5 PagesThe power to strike down Acts of Parliament is defined as the power to declare legislation invalid because it is unconstitutional. This paper will critically assess sections 3 and 4 of the HRA 1998 by defining them, reviewing case law surrounding their use, and by evaluating the powers that they give to the judiciary. By doing so, it will demonstrate that section 3 gives judges powers that are no t significantly different from the power to strike down Acts of Parliament, whereas section 4 does notRead MoreThe Between The Uk Parliament And The Human Rights Act 1998 ( Hra ) On Sovereignty1030 Words   |  5 PagesParliamentary Sovereignty is, as Dicey coined â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever†¦ [with] no person or body†¦ having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.† Immediately, we see a contradiction between the UK Parliament and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) on sovereignty. The issues David Cameron puts forward in his speech have all attracted much attention from a Human Rights perspective. More and more the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR) are becoming an integral part ofRead MoreThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitution2570 Words   |  11 PagesThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitut ion The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), an Act introduced to give effect to rights from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in domestic legislation. Its introduction has affected many legal areas; especially the conceptions of the rule of law and their place in the UK constitution. To understand the effect of the HRA, it is first necessary to establish the initial statusRead MoreHuman Rights Act of 1998681 Words   |  3 PagesConvention on Human Rights exists to guarantee legal protection to fundamental rights. It will examine how rights are protected in law and the way the UK approaches the protection of these rights. Explanation will be made of the way that the UK addresses the implementation of the rights in the English legal system. Issues such as conflicting rights and legal limitations will also be considered. An evaluation will be made of whether or not The Human Rights Act 1998 protects the fundamental rights of UKRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981486 Words   |  6 Pages The Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 was fully enforced in 2000 and describes further effect to freedoms and rights that are entitled under the ECHR (the European Convention on Human Rights) (Ward, Wragg Walker 2011, p. 146). The constitutional framework of the United Kingdom implies that the Human Rights Act 1998 is not ‘embedded’ in the same way as the human rights papers that are adopted by many nations in the world. Nonetheless, it is argued that any attempt to amend or repealRead MoreHuman Right Act, 1998766 Words   |  4 Pagescommunities which are not mainstream, often face additional challenges and barriers in escaping the domestic violence they are experiencing. Religion plays a vital role in that factor. Everybody has the right to worship whichever way they want to worship. Human Right Act, 1998. Vulnerable people have the right to privacy and protection from harm. Invasion of privacy is also an issue in residential homes where some staff members do not knock before en tering a resident’s room. Network of support- When anRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981355 Words   |  6 PagesThis is applicable to public authorities in the regard that it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty upon them as they act for the collective welfare of society. Newtown Council is a local government authority exercising public function; it is therefore susceptible to liability. Furthermore, it is important to note that the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 has affected the law of negligence, a breach of duty that results in damage to the claimant. This area of law has shown to beRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 1998914 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications in regards to this study and the relevance to this particular case. The Human Rights Act 1998 according to Wild and Weinstein (2013-p217) came into force on the 2nd of October 2010. It seeks to protect the rights of all European nations. (LIST ALL RIGHTS IF YOU HAVE THE WORD COUNT) The Equality Act 2006 according to personnel today (2006) was firstly to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights, this is applicable to discrimination on grounds of beliefs and religions in theRead MoreHuman Rights Act Of 19982095 Words   |  9 PagesRights that protect human beings and the extent of legality of what they are entitled to as people are a core part of each constitution globally. The extent of human rights protection varies from country to country, with total democracies having most human rights that encompass freedom of speech and expression among other freedoms. These are the most sovereign of laws as they express how liberal and powerful the majority can be as opposed to the minority being powerful in some countries or kingdoms

Strategies for Change - 672 Words

Case Study – Ethics are moral principles or beliefs about what is right or wrong and guide individuals in their dealings with other, within groups (stakeholders), and provide a basis for deciding whether a particular decision or behavior is right or proper. Go online to this site and report on one case of corporate fraud the government reported. Then write at least 350 words on the case and the ethics violations you see took place within the company you chose: http://www.irs.gov/uac/Compliance--Enforcement-News On their website, The Washington Ethical Society (2013) defines ethics as â€Å"the elements essential to human well-being and proposes principles to be used as guidelines for generating an ethical culture†. They go on to say†¦show more content†¦The ethics violations in this case are many, the creation of bogus tax shelters and the fraudulent filing of tax returns being the obvious. Additionally, the case outlines that KPMG’s personnel â€Å"took specific step s to conceal the existence of the shelters from the IRS† (IR-2005-83, 2013). Later in the case, it points out that KPMG was warned by its own tax experts and others that the tax shelters were questionable, but the top leadership at KPMG did not heed these warnings. In other words, KPMG not only knowingly participated in defrauding the IRS and reducing the overall tax income of our federal government, money which could have been used for any number of services to the people of the United States, they took steps to cover up their wrong-doing and disregarded the warnings from experts. As a result of the investigation and eventual agreement between KPMG and the IRS, KPMG’s tax practice was restricted and they were to pay $456 million in fines. This case is a clear example of ethics violations as it relates to tax avoidance and abuse of the law. As IRS commissioner, Mark Everson, states in the case â€Å"We simply can’t tolerate abuse of the law and professiona l obligations by tax practitioners†. He goesShow MoreRelatedStrategy, Advocacy And Change Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesI. Topic: Strategy, Advocacy and Change II. Definition and Description: include a definition and description for each key point you have learned about from the course materials. For example: a. Strategy: is a long-term game plan in which planning and implementing are two basic principles in guiding an organization forward to a strong and productive future (Rowe Dato-on Conway, p. 162). i. Strategic Management is a concept derived from a for-profit technique to enhance organizational performanceRead MoreAttitude Change Strategies1605 Words   |  7 PagesAttitude Change Strategies: Attitude changes are learned; they are influenced by personal experience and other sources of information, and personality affects both the receptivity and the speed with which attitudes are likely to be altered. Altering consumer attitudes is-a key strategy consideration for most marketers. For marketers who are fortunate enough to be market leaders and to enjoy a significant amount of customer goodwill and loyalty, the overriding goal is to fortify the existing positiveRead MoreThe Course Strategies For Change830 Words   |  4 PagesI believe the course Strategies for change will be helpful for me to gain a better understanding of the importance of organizational performance and efforts to bring about changes in ongoing organizations as it is crucial for any business owner, whether in a local startup or a larger organization. In the business world, legal trouble can present added challenges to employers, as news outlets and ethics watchdog groups spread the word about a companies wrongs. Unfair employment guidelines can putRead MoreOrganizational Strategies and Change3088 Words   |  13 PagesORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES AND CHANGE AMAL ALTAF MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to summarize several strategies and describe how these strategies can help bring about changes in an organization. The authors show how different strategies can be used for successful implementation of change process. The article compares the four level strategies, namely functional level strategy, business level strategy, corporate level strategy and global strategy. ThereRead Morechoosing strategies for change6285 Words   |  26 PagesBest of HBR JOHN P. KOTTER AND LEONARD A. SCHLESINGER Choosing Strategies for Change considered that there is nothing more difï ¬ cult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things.†1 In 1973, The Conference Board asked 13 eminent authorities to speculate what signiï ¬ cant management issues and problems would develop over the next 20 years. One of the strongest themes that runs through their subsequent reports is a concernRead MoreStrategy and Change Management2770 Words   |  12 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Severstal strategic analysis External environmental analysis Porter’s five forces Yips globalisation strategy Current strategy Industry life cycle Market segmentation Severstal acquisition activities BCG MATRIX Ansoff matrix Stakeholder analysis Conclusion Appendix References Introduction: This assignment is based on one of the biggest steel company in the world it is known as Severstal. This company was founded in 1955 by CherepovetsRead MoreManaging The Change Management Strategy795 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational change management is the outline for managing the change management strategy. It also helps with the corporate processes for structural and cultural changes of Blue Cross Blue Shield. Change management helps our organization realize why the change was essential so that we can accept all changes and goals to move forward. Change in our organization is good for all of the employees since it will help them gain new skills and competencies and this in fact is an organizational goalRead MoreThe Case Of Lego : Change Of Strategy1171 Words   |  5 Pages 3. THE CASE OF LEGO CHANGE OF STRATEGY The company LEGO (Appendix 1), was far from the reality when in the year 2000 the famous Bricks were named as ‘the toy of the century’ by Fortune Magazine. the numbers were reflecting a different reality when in 2003 and 2004 the losses were of more than $400m on annual sales of over $1b (Lego case of study 2014). Once they analysed what were the main issues that led the company into that situation, two were the main problems. First of all, the product portfolioRead MorePolicy Gaming For Strategy And Change Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Assignment 1 Summary: â€Å"Policy Gaming for Strategy and Change† The following assignment is a summary of the article â€Å"Policy Gaming for Strategy and Change† that was written by Geurts, Duke and Vermeulen in 2007. In the article, it can be read how companies can use gaming simulations in order to analyse future scenarios and adapt certain strategies to their complex organisational environment. The article begins with an introduction about policy gaming, why it is becoming more useful forRead MoreDell Business Strategy Change2013 Words   |  9 Pagesannounced changes to their business strategy and supporting supply chain. They will no longer focus on a made to order direct sales model for their personal computers. Nor will they continue to refine their renowned supply chain model that supported their sales model. Instead, they will be looking to produce personal computers with fixed configurations at lower prices. This essay looks at why Dell have changed their strategy, and then considers the customer value proposition of the new strategy, as well

Alcoholism and its link to poor self-esteem Free Essays

string(316) " Overwhelming data available have proven that traditional school programs are not sufficient to address the issue; in order to be really effective in curbing alcoholism among teenagers, it is very important that as researches yield additional information, new strategies should be incorporated and employed as well\." Prior to maturity is the stage of adolescence. This is the period where physical and psychological changes take place. The beginning of adolescence is indicated by physical changes known as puberty. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism and its link to poor self-esteem or any similar topic only for you Order Now With these changes, entail the teenager’s self-perception regarding his physical transformation. Although this aspect is only one of the areas that might seriously affect an adolescent’s self-esteem, it is also a major consideration in the understanding of the youth’s developing self (Halonen Santrock, 1996). These physical changes affect personality; radical changes in attitudes and interests may occur, but there is consciousness in acting the role of adults. Conflicts may be experienced or may arise as a result of psychosocial behavior patterns in the attempt to achieve maturity. Accepting one’s physique, therefore, is considered one of adolescent’s developmental tasks(Hilgard, 2001). In addition, there is also the emotional independence from parents; developing intellectual skills and concepts necessary for civic competence; desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior and building values in harmony with adequate scientific world-picture (Halpern, 1992). These are actually innate cravings of every individual person and must be resolved especially in such a critical period as adolescence. Problem statements Basic theoretical viewpoints in social psychology are divided on the effects of self-esteem on an individual’s functioning relative to his/her world. One extreme views self-esteem as the root cause of all of society’s problems and that raising it is to solve many social ills. Where poor performance in school is a perennial problem, unemployment or poverty is concerned, the advocates say that poor self-esteem is at their roots. Alcoholism for instance may indicate that an adolescent is having a problem with self-esteem (Pritchard, 2007). This research intends to show that there is a strong correlation between the poor self-esteem and adolescent alcoholism in terms of a teenager’s deficiency and maladaptive patterns in confronting issues concerning himself and his role in his community. Also, in an attempt to provide appropriate recommendations that might be useful for a possible reduction to the incidence of adolescent alcoholism, underlying causes of such phenomena will be analyzed. Specific Main Questions and Sub-questions: Based on the developmental tasks that are expected to occur during the adolescent stage and the context in which self-esteem plays a role in alcoholism, the main research question of this study was drawn as to †¢ What is the correlation of poor self-esteem to adolescent alcoholism? The subsequent research sub-questions that will guide the framework of the research study are as follow: A. What is self-esteem? B. What are the effects of low self-esteem to adolescents? C. To what extent does alcoholism in adolescents a reflection of low-esteem? D. What are the reasons that contribute why adolescents with low self-esteem lead to such maladaptive behavior as alcoholism? E. What are the interventions available to help adolescents with low self-esteem who suffer in alcoholism. F. What strategic approaches could be used to reduce the incidence of lowered self-esteem? CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Title: Self-esteem and its relationship to alcohol and substance abuse prevention in adolescents Author: Joseph, Donnelly, PhD. Studies regarding substance abuse (alcohol included) yielded results that clearly associate self esteem closely to it. Those who are engaged in alcohol use in later or older age do so because they have learned the use of it in their early and moldable years (11 years old or 5th 6th grade). Consequently, attempts have been made to deal with the area of self-esteem in hopes that when this psychological problem among teens is addressed properly, substance abuse might somehow be curbed. There are programs that cater to this need and they are actually placed side by side with the traditional curriculums of some schools. The specific aim of the program is prevention and anticipates a positive effect since it seeks to deal with the potential problem of alcohol use before its actual occurrence. Experts and researchers believe that this quandary of alcohol abuse among teens may be helped by treating it in a stage where it is less obvious – that is, when the youngster is not yet manifesting or is obviously using alcohol, but on the brink of experimenting on it (Donnelly, 2007). Advocates of the program are optimistic to the efficacy of their method. The line of attack of this particular method is directed towards factors that are crucial to the make up of adolescents’ life experiences. Understanding the transitions that teenagers most likely will go through is the underlying principle that facilitated the study that eventually led to the formation of this program. Hence, the high hopes that the proponents of this program maintain. In this paper, the author tries to explore and explain the rubric of the particular synopsis mentioned above and to finally (in the process) convince its readers of its viability in decreasing the problem of alcoholism among teens and young adults in the coming years. It will explain the rationale behind the effectiveness of the curriculum since the whole program is aimed at the core level of the perpetual potential problem of alcohol addiction. ~Feasibility of the Program The National Association for Self-Esteem (NASE), as the very name of the association clearly implies, believe that the self-esteem of the individual plays a major role why or why not that particular person is using/abusing or not using/abusing alcohol. The observation is that teenagers with low self esteem have higher likelihood to experiment not only with alcohol but with other harmful psychoactive substances than those with high self-esteem. Furthermore, their studies yield evidences that point to the fact that individuals with positive self-esteem show not only little serious involvement with addictive substances but lesser tendency to risk trying the pleasures of these drugs. Convinced of this observation, self-esteem proponents constantly research and write articles that speak to the issue. They support a prevention program which has within it as crucial part â€Å"self-esteem enhancement. † Not any prevention program or traditional approach to the problem will achieve a longer-lasting effect. Overwhelming data available have proven that traditional school programs are not sufficient to address the issue; in order to be really effective in curbing alcoholism among teenagers, it is very important that as researches yield additional information, new strategies should be incorporated and employed as well. You read "Alcoholism and its link to poor self-esteem" in category "Papers" Important factors along with self-esteem that must be tackled include: personal efficacy, ability to decide wisely for oneself, and communication skills, etc. These areas must be developed since they influence and affect the behavior of an individual. It is believed that when these basic skills are taught and cultivated, rather than concentrating on the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, the benefits will be much more than the reduction of the likelihood of teenagers and young adults to use and abuse drugs. Involvement with other behavioral correlates like unsafe sexual encounters, and teenage pregnancy, will also diminish. The timing of the implementation of this kind of preventive program in schools for it to really achieve its goal among teenagers is also emphasized. It has to be implemented early, or else, its efficacy will lessen. Dr. Joseph Donnelly (self-esteem proponent) said: â€Å"It is much easier to prevent adolescents from ever engaging in the use of substances than it is to deter that use once it has begun. † Title: Self Esteem Author: Dr. E. Pritchard According to the author, the concept on self esteem hinges around the physical attractiveness of a person rather than on objective values or qualities. Dr. Pritchard attempts further that for most people who regard physical attractiveness as pre-eminent to be on top of the world of men, self-esteem then will become an issue. The author narrows the two important salient features in concept of self esteem which includes: -â€Å"a feeling of being lovable† -â€Å"a feeling of being competent† He qualifies also such distinction that low self esteem is not the same as depression. He also identifies two strong motivations people have: the need for praise or compliment or a positive feedback, and the need for self-verification. He further mentions that ecological niches in every individual provide a clue as to the degree that our self-view is adversely affected. In a related study on Marital Bliss, couples are said to be observed as more committed to each other due to their consistent self-view; i. e. , one who has a positive self-view is more committed to the other who also has a positive self-view. Furthermore, Pritchard examines the validity of the claim and states his own argument against what is seemingly narrow understanding of the concept: if self-esteem may be a root problem in society’s problems and if the resulting ills that society is recipient of is suffering from poor self-esteem, then it is logical that raising it will positively eradicate if not remove the problems of people. Title: Urban-rural differences in adolescent self- esteem, leisure boredom, and sensation-seeking as predictors of leisure-time usage and satisfaction Author: Winsome Rose Gordon and Marie Louise Caltabiano The author seeks to establish the mediation of low self-esteem over the adolescents’ choice to opt for deviant behavior rather than on more socially acceptable conduct. Deviant behavior refers to use and abuse of drugs as observed in the study. Other factors such as leisure boredom and sensation-seeking as possible mediators as self-esteem is known to be more effective in drawing an adolescent to engage in rather in more productive venues. Title: Evaluating the effects of self-esteem on substance abuse among homeless men (evaluating self-esteem) Author: Barris P. Malcolm It is especially significant that even in studying homeless men, it is important that studies like these further cement the role of self-esteem plays in the choice to use chemical or other substances. It also reviews the studies done by Kaplan in that a strong link tying self-esteem to the possible dependence of individuals to alcohol and other harmful substances. The study seeks to provide the theoretical framework to support the notion risky behaviors including indulgence with alcohol and drugs are associated with low self. In similar attempts to elaborate the research, the author also cited the inconsistent reports and studies done by several authors which claims that alcoholism results to higher self-esteem rather than its opposite. Title: Self-esteem: the costs and causes of low self- worth Author: Nicholas Emler Emler collated and presented his facts on several studies that support the close correlation that a poor self-esteem influences the individual’s choice to adopt a destructive lifestyle. However, in this study, Emler clarifies that o Self-esteem can actually be measured and quantified reliably o Parental influences play a direct part in developing the child’s view of self hence, a low self-esteem stems from such factors as parenting styles, physical and sexual abuse o The interventions that have been developed by experts are still limited and are not known to be effective for a long period of time. o Strategic approaches implemented and public policies have their specific outputs as a response to the position that low self-esteem can be equated with self-destructive patterns. o Other factors such as belonging to a particular minority group, race or gender may be root causes that a person like an adolescent is specifically tempted. The review and in-depth report reflect the negative correlation between self-esteem and the factors just enumerated. Reference: 1. Donnelly, Joseph. 2004. Self-Esteem and it’s Relationship to Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention in Adolescents. Dept. of Health Professions/PERLS National Association for Self-esteem. 2. Emler, Nicholas. 2001. The costs and causes of low self-esteem. Joseph Rowntree foundation. 3. Gordon, Winsome Rose. 1996. Urban-rural differences in adolescent self-esteem, leisure boredom, and sensation-seeking as predictors of leisure-time usage and satisfaction. Adolescence. p. 1 4. Halonen, JS, JW Santrock. 1996. Psychology: contexts of behavior. Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark, p. 810. 5. Hilgard. E, et al. 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 7th edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich. 6. Malcolm, Barris. 2004. Evaluating the effects of self-esteem on substance abuse among homeless men (evaluating self-esteem. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Addiction. 7. Pritchard, John. Self Esteem. Accessed September 27, 2007 file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/alan/My%20Documents/ALCOHOLSIM%20AND%20SELFESTEEM/social98b. html 8. Halpern, D. F. 1992. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum. How to cite Alcoholism and its link to poor self-esteem, Papers

Professional Business Communications for Budget - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Business Communications for Budget. Answer: Introduction Australias budget shortfalls will be getting widened in the coming four years, as per the Mid-Year Economic as well as Financial Outlook of the government. The primary deficit regarding cash in the present financial year that will end on June 30, 2017 is considered being at A$36.5 billion or 2.1 percent of GDP, which is less than the originally predicted A$37.1 billion or 2.2% in regard to gross domestic product. Critical Analysis of Australias 2016-17 Budget Deficit The worlds 12th largest economy is having the strong possibility of returning to an excess in budget by the 2020-2021 financial year, as per the prediction made in June. Australias budget shortfalls will be getting widened in the coming four years, as per the Mid-Year Economic as well as Financial Outlook of the government. The primary deficit regarding cash in the present financial year that will end on June 30, 2017 is considered being at A$36.5 billion or 2.1 percent of GDP, which is less than the originally predicted A$37.1 billion or 2.2% in regard to gross domestic product. In the coming financial year, 2017-18, there is the expectation of the shortfall at A$28.7 billion that is more than the earlier figure of A$26.1 billion or 1.4 percent of GDP (Stillwell, 2016). Certain number of continued deficits led many in believing the fact that the country was on the verge to lose its valued AAA sovereign. However, it was stated that the update regarding budget wont be influencing the rating of the country. There is the requirement for Turnbulls conservative government to do the unveiling of new policy changes for preventing a downgrade (Makin, 2016). The current budget is setting out the economic plan of the Government for ensuring that Australia will be continuing with the successful shift from the boom regarding the investment in mining to an increasingly effective, more varied, new economical aspect in three major manners. These are, Adhering to the plan of the Government in respect of jobs as well development via a Ten Year Enterprise Tax Plan, which will be boosting the recent investment, creating as well as supporting jobs. Also, increasing real wages that will begin with tax cuts regarding small as well as medium-sized companies. This will permanently do the increasing of the economys size by only 1 percent later. (Daley, 2016). Fixing crisis situations within the tax system for enabling us to do the covering in a sustainable manner the responsibilities of the Government regarding the next generation through the avoidance of taxes, particularly by multinational establishments. This is ensuring all individuals is paying the tax they regarding what they are earning in Australia (Brenton, 2016). To ensure that the Government is living within its resources for balancing the budget as well as reducing the burden regarding long-term debt that continues towards keeping the growth regarding spending of government within control as well as ensuring that the spending is efficient, effective as well as focused. Conclusion To conclude it needs to be stated that the current budget is setting out the economic plan of the Government for ensuring that Australia will be continuing with the successful conversion from the boom in investment regarding mining regarding increasingly effective, more varied, new economical aspect in 3 major manners. Therefore, there is the requirement for Turnbulls conservative government to do the unveiling of new policy changes for preventing a downgrade. Reference Brenton, Scott, and Jon Pierre. "Budget surplus goal experiments in Australia and Sweden."New Political Economy(2016): 1-16. Daley, J., Wood, D. (2016). Fiscal Challenges for Australia: The Next Decade and Beyond.Asia the Pacific Policy Studies,3(3), 475-494. Makin, A. J., Pearce, J. (2016). Fiscal Consolidation and Australia's Public Debt.Australian Journal of Public Administration,75(4), 424-440. Stilwell, F. (2016). Taxing times in Australian capitalism.Australian Socialist,22(1), 2.